鉛(qian)(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)型(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，在(zai)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)負極(ji)中加(jia)入(ru)了活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭。普通(tong)(tong)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正極(ji)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)（PbO2），負極(ji)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)(Pb)，若把(ba)負極(ji)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Pb全(quan)部(bu)換(huan)成(cheng)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭，則(ze)普通(tong)(tong)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)變成(cheng)混合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)；若把(ba)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭混合(he)到負極(ji)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Pb中，則(ze)普通(tong)(tong)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)變成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。它將具有雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)炭材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)（C）與海綿鉛(qian)(qian)（Pb）負極(ji)進行合(he)并制(zhi)作成(cheng)既有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)又有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)Lead-carbon雙(shuang)功能復合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)（以(yi)下簡稱Lead-carbon電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)），Lead-carbon復合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)再與PbO2正極(ji)匹(pi)配組(zu)裝(zhuang)成(cheng)Lead-carbon電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。
鉛(qian)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是一(yi)種新(xin)型的(de)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，你可以這(zhe)樣(yang)理解，鉛(qian)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是將鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)兩(liang)者合一(yi)：既發揮了(le)(le)(le)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容瞬間大(da)容量充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)優點，也發揮了(le)(le)(le)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)比能量優勢，且(qie)擁有(you)非常好(hao)的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能——90分鐘就(jiu)可充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)（鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)若這(zhe)樣(yang)充(chong)、放，壽(shou)命(ming)只有(you)不到30次）。而且(qie)由于加了(le)(le)(le)碳（石(shi)墨烯），阻(zu)止了(le)(le)(le)負極(ji)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽化現象，改善了(le)(le)(le)過去電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失效的(de)一(yi)個因素(su)，更延長(chang)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)。
工作特點
1）當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在頻繁的瞬時大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作時，主要(yao)由具有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容特性的炭材料釋放(fang)或接(jie)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，抑制鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的“負極硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)”，有(you)效地延長了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命(ming)；
2）當電(dian)(dian)池處于(yu)長時(shi)間小電(dian)(dian)流工作(zuo)時(shi)，主要由海綿(mian)鉛負極工作(zuo)，持續(xu)提供能量(liang);
3）Lead-carbon超(chao)級復合電(dian)極(ji)(ji)高(gao)碳含量的(de)介入(ru)，使電(dian)極(ji)(ji)具有(you)比(bi)傳統鉛酸電(dian)池有(you)更好的(de)低溫啟動能(neng)力、充電(dian)接受能(neng)力和大電(dian)流充放電(dian)性能(neng)。
性(xing)(xing)能特(te)(te)點在性(xing)(xing)能方面，鉛(qian)(qian)炭(tan)(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同時具有(you)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器的(de)(de)特(te)(te)點。活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)加入，提升了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功率密度(du)，延長了(le)循環壽命，同時由于(yu)活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)占據了(le)部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極空(kong)間(jian)，導致(zhi)能量密度(du)降(jiang)低(di)，也可能增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)極析氣量。在工(gong)藝方面，活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)加入，增加了(le)調漿和極片涂布難度(du)。總體而言，鉛(qian)(qian)炭(tan)(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性(xing)(xing)能優于(yu)普通鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是一(yi)種先進鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，也是鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)發(fa)展的(de)(de)主流方向。
研發情況存在問題
1）高(gao)碳鉛(qian)酸電池的炭材料(liao)添加量(liang)為(wei)(wei)4%以(yi)上(shang)，對(dui)(dui)于普通(tong)的鉛(qian)酸電池，碳材料(liao)的添加量(liang)為(wei)(wei)0.2%以(yi)下。那(nei)么對(dui)(dui)于鉛(qian)炭電池碳材料(liao)的較佳(jia)哦添加量(liang)是一個有待探討的問題。
2）鉛(qian)(qian)粉和碳材(cai)料的混合(he)，以(yi)何種方式(shi)加(jia)入(ru)才(cai)能(neng)使碳材(cai)料與(yu)鉛(qian)(qian)粉均(jun)勻(yun)混合(he)，且(qie)能(neng)夠保(bao)證負(fu)極(ji)(ji)鉛(qian)(qian)-炭混合(he)材(cai)料涂膏的穩(wen)固性，極(ji)(ji)板(ban)和鉛(qian)(qian)膏的結合(he)能(neng)力，達(da)到保(bao)證負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的強(qiang)度要(yao)求。
3）在進行外化成(cheng)后，負極板(ban)表面有炭材(cai)料析出(chu)，出(chu)現板(ban)柵膨脹變(bian)形現象(xiang)。
4）炭材料的加入會加劇負(fu)極析氫(qing)問題(ti)，使(shi)蓄電(dian)池失水嚴重(zhong)，免維持(chi)性能降(jiang)低，導致蓄電(dian)池失效模式(shi)發生(sheng)改變。
5）炭材料和鉛粉密度相差(cha)非常大，添(tian)加后負極(ji)板的孔隙(xi)率大幅度上升，負極(ji)易被氧化。
解決方案
1）若要(yao)使鉛炭(tan)電(dian)池具有(you)超級電(dian)容的效果，炭(tan)材(cai)料(liao)的添加(jia)量一定要(yao)大(da)于(yu)4%，國內外研(yan)究表(biao)明炭(tan)材(cai)料(liao)的添加(jia)量可以達到(dao)10%~20%。
2）若(ruo)保證負極鉛(qian)-炭混合材料(liao)涂膏(gao)的(de)穩固性、極板(ban)和鉛(qian)膏(gao)的(de)結合能力，必(bi)須加入適用于鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池(chi)的(de)粘結劑，例如PTFE,CMC,氯丁(ding)橡膠(jiao)等。
3）要(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證負極板的(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度，首先在(zai)和膏(gao)時(shi)要(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證鉛膏(gao)濕(shi)密(mi)度，鉛膏(gao)濕(shi)密(mi)度在(zai)4.2~4.5g/cm3較佳。加(jia)入適量粘結(jie)劑或短纖(xian)維，采用機器涂(tu)膏(gao)以(yi)增加(jia)涂(tu)膏(gao)壓力(li)都可(ke)以(yi)達到保(bao)(bao)(bao)證極板強(qiang)(qiang)度的(de)目的(de)。
4）為防止化(hua)成(cheng)時炭材(cai)料的(de)損失(shi)和板柵膨脹(zhang)變形(xing)，可以(yi)采用內化(hua)成(cheng)工(gong)藝，注意內化(hua)成(cheng)的(de)電流設計工(gong)藝應適(shi)當(dang)進行調(diao)整(zheng)。
5）對于負極(ji)析氫(qing)問題，可以向負極(ji)活性(xing)物質(zhi)中添加(jia)適量的抑(yi)制析氫(qing)添加(jia)劑，例如(ru)氧化銀，鋅的化合物等。
6）在防(fang)止負極(ji)氧(yang)化方面(mian)，可以采取內化成工藝：若是做(zuo)外化成，則要(yao)適當(dang)延長(chang)無氧(yang)干燥時間。
發(fa)展(zhan)前(qian)景(jing)鉛(qian)(qian)炭(tan)(tan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)領域(yu)較(jiao)先進的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，也是(shi)國際新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)行業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)重點(dian)，具(ju)(ju)有非常廣闊的(de)應用前(qian)景(jing)。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是(shi)制約(yue)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)關鍵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)之一(yi)。光(guang)伏電(dian)站儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、風電(dian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)電(dian)網調峰等(deng)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)領域(yu)，要求電(dian)池(chi)(chi)具(ju)(ju)有功率密度較(jiao)大，循環(huan)壽命長和(he)價格(ge)較(jiao)低等(deng)特(te)點(dian)。鉛(qian)(qian)炭(tan)(tan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)液(ye)流電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)三大發(fa)展(zhan)方向。其中，鋰(li)電(dian)成(cheng)本相對(dui)較(jiao)高，一(yi)致(zhi)性問題也仍(reng)然存(cun)在(zai)；液(ye)流電(dian)池(chi)(chi)成(cheng)本也很高；而鉛(qian)(qian)炭(tan)(tan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)近期(qi)相對(dui)實(shi)際可(ke)行的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)路(lu)線。
普通(tong)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電池(chi)(chi)具有(you)低成(cheng)本優勢，但其循環壽命短(duan)的缺點，導致單(dan)位(wei)次(ci)數儲能成(cheng)本較高(gao)。鉛(qian)炭(tan)電池(chi)(chi)由于加(jia)入了活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)，阻止了負極硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)現(xian)象，延長了電池(chi)(chi)壽命，同時也(ye)降低了單(dan)位(wei)次(ci)數使用成(cheng)本，在新(xin)能源(yuan)儲能領域發展潛力很大。